Biomedical waste – status as per CPCB report of situation analysis and some suggestions

Biomedical waste – status as per CPCB report of situation analysis and some suggestions

Author- Prof. Dr. Niraj Pandit, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, SBKS Medical Institute & Research Center and Deputy Director Research Cell, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat – email- drniraj74@gmail.com

Even though it is known fact that biomedical waste is potential dangerous to community and after more than 17 years of implementation of BMW rules, still biomedical waste management and disposal is problematic area. The regulators are trying hard to make sufficient implementation. There are various actions taken place to make it proper implementation. As per the rule, each hospital or nursing home has to register with the authority state level and they have to submit report to state authority every year by 31 January. The compiled report of all HCF (Health care facilities) needs to submit to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) by 31 March of year. The CPCP is providing compiled report on the web page http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Bio_medical.php, which was accessed in first week of July 2015 and author prepared the situation analysis.

Table-1 Basic information

Key area / Year	2013	2012	2011	2010
No. of HCF	1,68,869	1,59,838	1,51,222	1,39,594
No. of beds	17,13,742	16,12,600	14,59,286	14,20,563
No of CBWTFs in operation	198	190	179	188
No of CBWTFs under installation	28	29	22	17
No of HCF using CBWTFs	1,31,837 (78%)	1,21,279 (76%)	1,12,187 (74%)	98,764 (71%)
No. of HCF using own Rx & disposal facilities	22,245 (13%)	21,870 (14%)	23,361 (15%)	20228 (14%)
Gap in own facility and CBWTFs use	9%	10%	11%	15%
BMW generated kg per/day	4,84,000	4,16,000	4,07,773	3,50,325
BMW generated bed per day	0.28 kg/day/ bed	0.25 kg/day/ bed	0.27 kg/day/ bed	0.24 kg/day/ bed
HCF violating rules	7,894 (4.6%)	12,990 (8.1%)	5472 (3.6%)	6653 (4.8%)
Notice issued	4,391 (55.6%)	11,583 (89.1%)	3585 (65.5%)	5829 (87.6%)

The above table is showing interesting information. As per World Bank report[i], India has 0.7 beds per 1000 population. But this record shows that the bed strength of country rose to 1.4 beds per 1000 population in 2013, which is almost double. In last four years the number of CBWTFs increased from 188 in 2010 to 198 in 2013. There is observed gap in the use of CBWTF and using own BMW treatment & disposal facilities. But the positive aspect is that the gap reduced from 15% in 2010 to 9% in 2013. The waste generated per bed per day is almost near constant 0.24 kg/day/bed in 2010 and 0.27 kg/day/bed in 2013. There are almost around 5% of registered health care facilities who are violating rules and pollution control board is issuing notice.

I enjoyed to analyze these reports. While analysis these reports I personally found some missing information in the reports. If CPCB starts to collect the missing information, they can monitor the waste management in better way. As per my personal opinion, the points which need to incorporate in report are-

1.      The number of HCF is divided to three category primary HCF, secondary and tertiary HCF. In report if type of HCF is collected, it will help to understand the distribution of beds in secondary and tertiary hospitals. The primary care centers and nursing homes may not have indoor facilities. Thus it will help to understand the bed distribution and waste production pattern.

2.      In this report it is not clear the category of waste. If the waste per bed per day if we calculate it is coming to 0.28 kg/day per bed. It looks like that the reported data is for infectious waste only. As it matches with 10-15% of infectious waste from total waste generated per bed per day. But plastic waste and non-infectious waste details can be collected.

3.      The report did not have anything on radioactive and cytotoxic waste. They are potential dangerous for community in different way. If authority plan to collect data on same will be helpful to track such hospitals.  

4.      There is no clarity on liquid waste. Also report also does not ask anything on liquid waste. But it was found in last committee meeting the CPCB has made committee on liquid waste disposal.  

5.      Many hospitals are doing training and capacity building workshops. If they report in yearly reporting system, it will help to monitor hospital’s involvement in capacity building of staff.

6.      As per BMW rules, each hospital needs to report accident or injury to authority. There is no discussion or report found in yearly report. This is a key to understand the needle stick injury pattern and incidence in a year. Also if hospital reports accidents like spillage blood on floor in ward or operation theater, leakage of BMW bags and similar other accidents to authority, it will help to understand the dangerous aspect of wastage management.

7.      One more suggestion to monitor the Hepatitis-B vaccination programme. All hospital staff should receive Hepatitis-B vaccine as per prescribe interval. If authority monitor, it will be great help to hospital staff and thus community.

In addition to this state pollution control board should spare some 5% to 10% of fees collected from health care facilities registration for the purpose of research and generation of evidence.  There are lots of gaps in available evidences in biomedical waste and require to generate. This research fund will be helpful to generate new knowledge and new technology in context to our country need. Every year pollution control board can invite applications form all health care people and medical – paramedical students or research associates. Team of expert will evaluate the proposal and best 10 proposals can be awarded with adequate funds.

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[i]http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS

Research leadership in medical college - research cell

Plan of action –
Research leadership in medical college –
 This is the best time to start Research Cell in each medical college like Medical Education Unit. This leadership needs to develop and monitor at state level, regional level and national level. The functions and activities of the research cell are
1. Regular training and capacity building of all the faculties for research and ethical issue
 2. Research Development Committee under research cell who can brainstorm every year various topics for research and percolate to each department so there is no difficulty in searching topics for the thesis in department.
3. Fully functional laboratory to measure all chemical levels in blood including drug assay study in central laboratory. With department of pharmacy we can plan animal trial for drugs.
4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU) under Research cell where all different disciplines come closer and work together for research. Collaborative research and multicentric research
5. ICMR is giving extra-mural grant support for any research work. Research Development Committee can plan the capacity building workshops for faculties and apply for grant support. Research proposal writing workshops can plan and do regular follow up for applying grant for research.
6. Active Researcher will be identified and special incentive form the research cell for doing research.
 7. Like Pre-PhD, if feasible incorporate the one section on research methodology in paper -1 of all postgraduate exams.
 8. Institute can think to do consultancy on research to external bodies live government and private.

Structure for developing Research Cell National level -One committee at national level in MCI
Zonal level - There are four zonal committees to look after the state level activities
State level -Each state has on state level research development committee with all representatives of medical college research cell.
 Medical College level -Each medical collage has one research cell with full structure like department of research. With support staff and various faculties on rotation.
 There should fix tenure for various post in rotation
Developing Research Agenda -
In the beginning of the year the national committee meets and gives the core area of research for the year short term and long term for all departments. The committee will take interest of country with focus on drugs, national programme, policy, forecasting, human resource development, innovation and other interest area. They will send this agenda to all zonal level committee. Zonal level will think according their priority and send to state level committee. State level committee will focus their priority and send to each medical college. So the medical colleges have list ready before new postgraduate batch enter for admission. So they can think over topics easily. Various muticetric studies also can be plan and get outcome research where the government require data and inputs.

The report is prepared by Dr. Niraj Pandit and views and comments are his personal.

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Innovation in Blood pressure instrument development - If you have idea apply for US/India Grant

Blood Pressure Measurement Technologies for Low-Resource Settings in the US and India - Hypertension diagnosis and management are critical needs in both the US and in India, and are opportune areas for technological innovation benefitting low-resource populations in both countries. The purpose of this FOA is to solicit research leading to the development of new blood-pressure measurement technologies for rapid, minimally intrusive, flexible monitoring and management of hypertension in underserved populations. These technologies must be noninvasive and minimally obtrusive. They should be usable in public areas for high-throughput screening, and/or be designed for individual use by untrained individuals in their own homes or regional healthcare settings. These new technologies would make substantial contributions to the improvement of hypertension diagnosis and management in both countries. A companion announcement has been released by the Indian government to support similar research by Indian investigators. All investigators funded by the US or India will share results at a yearly meeting and collaborations will be developed among investigators from both countries as the work progresses. Key Dates posted Date- July 10, 2014 Open Date (Earliest Submission Date) - August 26, 2014 Letter of Intent Due Date(s) - August 26, 2014 - See more at: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-EB-14-002.html#_Part_1._Overview The 'million hearts' initiative (http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/index.html) sets a goal of preventing a million heart attacks and strokes over the next five years in the US. One of the four 'ABCS' of this initiative is blood pressure control. A new approach to the control of blood pressure in the 21st century is being made possible by the rapid advances in wireless communication technology, Electronic Health Records (EHR), modern approaches to non-linear control, and an array of effective blood pressure medications. However, central to any control is the actual measurement of blood pressure. The 'modern' technique of blood pressure measurement is over 100 years old. This approach has the key advantage of being relatively accurate. However, it also has some critical disadvantages for use as the sensor element in part of a modern system for blood pressure control or hypertension screening: Requires significant time and effort per measurement Results are not automatically integrated into the EHR This FOA is a call for applications targeting new non-invasive approaches to blood pressure measurement that are less intrusive, faster, less dependent on operator or user skill level than current approaches, and that can operate in low-resource settings such as the home or community environment. While the long-term goal of the project is to develop affordable technologies for low-resource settings, it is anticipated that initial prototyping costs may be quite high. Mass-production of successful prototypes can be considered to be one approach for ensuring affordability of any innovative technologies proposed in response to this FOA. Screening, diagnosis, and management of hypertension are difficult to achieve in low-resource/underserved populations. The need is great for new blood-pressure measurement systems that are affordable and readily available, either in individual homes, regional healthcare centers, or public settings, and are appropriate for the needs of the particular population(s) served. These blood pressure sensing systems must be durable, require little to no maintenance, and must integrate with communications devices such as cell phones and the internet. Blood-pressure measurement depends both on the pressure generated at the heart and on the transmission line characteristics of the arterial system. For the purposes of this FOA, a blood pressure measurement will be considered accurate if the measurement results correspond to the arterial pressure at the site of measurement. - See more at: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-EB-14-002.html#_Part_1._Overview Specific Areas of Research Interest Appropriate topics include but are not limited to: High-throughput blood pressure systems: Systems capable of rapidly and efficiently measuring the blood pressure of a large number of individuals. Measurement should integrate with a routine daily activity such as interacting with a door, grocery store checkout, using a key fob, or interacting with other office items, etc. in such a way that there is minimal added effort required from the individual. The cost of these systems could be high on an absolute scale but low on a per-measurement basis. 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Brief summary of National Seminar on Research Opportunities in Medical Colleges and Role of Medical Faculties as Researcher

Brief summary of National Seminar on Research Opportunities in Medical Colleges and Role of Medical Faculties as Researcher at Rajkot The above title seminar was organized by the Department of Community Medicine, PDU Medical College Rajkot on 17th Jan 2014. There were three faculties form SBKS MIRC and one faculty from Dental College attended. The seminar started at 10 am with inauguration, Vice-chancellor of Saurastra University has inaugurated the seminar. The technical sessions started at 11 am. In first technical session was key note address. Dr Sanjay Zodpey, Director, PHFI, New Delhi had delivered first key note address on ‘Facilitating Research in Medical College- Current status, Changing dynamics and Futute Direction’. First he focused on SWOT analysis of current status of research in medical colleges. There are many strengths bur weakness are large. Main areas of weakness are lack of research aptitude, complicated institutional mechanism, no incentive or recognization to active researcher, poor partnership with various stakeholders, interdisciplinary communication gaps, no leadership position in private or government setup, research competencies, teaching research in medical curriculum and poor programme and policy partnership. He also told that what is meaning of active researcher? At present there is no clear definition of ‘active researcher’. But he told that we can say a medical person who is getting one grant per year or publishing one or two publications in a year can be considered as ‘Active Researcher’. He also told that our all weaknesses can be converted to opportunities. Like we can collaborate interdepartment in college, with government or private, training opportunity to create researchers, create research environment in medical college, develop research skills from undergraduates only so they can become good future researchers and many more. In changing dynamics of research environment he told that Research is the Tool to create knowledge for scientific community and generated knowledge should translated to action for community benefits. We need to understand the Research- Policy – Programme loop. All policies and programme should have available adequate evidences. All researchers should focus on the knowledge generated out of research. Also we need to see that that knowledge shall use for policy programme. He rightly said on future direction on Research in Medical College that we need to act on the creation of Research Environment in Department and College, all medical colleges shall develop excellent Institutional Ethics Committee and Institutional Research Board for active researchers, Incentive must for the active researchers, capacity building of researchers, possible create research leadership position in state government or in private, vision mission statement of each college in context to research and be a partner for change. Second key note address of Dr Manoj Pandey, ICMR, BMHRC, Bhopal spoke on role of medical teacher as researcher. He explained that research is the team work. He gave the recent example of Nobel prize winner Bozone particle history. When scientist is announced as the winner for Bozone particle, they approached the Nobel committee and asked this prize should go to all the team members who work for Bozone particle concept. But the committee rejected the condition and decided to give prize to individual. So it time to think about the team work in research. He also said that medical teacher can play multiple role while teaching like to act as principle investigator in the research, to teach research design to students, collect data and compiled for registry and contribute to database, write article in journals and teach how to write article and most important one he will conduct responsible research with out compromise the ethics. He strongly focus that research is generating evidences which are use for solving clinical query. He also told that in era of private practice the medical teacher do not have time for research. Clinical practice is more motivational than research for teacher. So need some motivational factor for research. He said one very good statement of Enest Leroy that is Poor Surgeon hurts one person, Poor Teacher hurts 130 but Poor Researcher Hurts Millions??? So it require to focus on researcher. Medical teachers can act as best teacher and best researcher for the students. So we need to focus on this community. Third key note address was by Dr Nilima Kshirsagar, National Chair, Clinical Pharamcology, ICMR and Dean EIS-PGIMSR MGM Hospital Mumbai. She showed the comparison of publication by USA and India. It was very poor for India. Outcome research is also poor in India. She said that due to non availability of data in country, it is very difficult to withdraw any drugs from the market. She gave example of nemesulide. India dose not have policy for withdrawal of drug. The mine reason is the lack of availability of data. If medical colleges take lead in data base for adverse reaction after drug, india can able to make policy. In the first plenary session, Dr Ashoo Grover, Scientist, ICMR told about the recently developed Department of Health Research (DHR) and ICMR role in research in upcoming years. Government of India has set up department of health research with nine new function with tent one is ICMR. Theses nine new functions are promotion and coordination for applied and out come research in country; focus on research governance issue; intersectoral coordination; advance training; technical support for epidemics and calamities; investigation of outbreak; support to scientific association and societies and last is coordination with government, institutions and other organizations. DHR is focusing maily on human resource development in research and grant in aid for various projects. For human resource development ICMR is conducting series of research methodology workshops in country. They are motivating medical teachers for project proposal writing and submitting. The responses are very good from various part of country. The DHR is also focusing to develop MRU (Multidisciplinary Research Unit) in medical colleges. At present they are establishing in government medical colleges. This is very good opportunities to grab for medical colleges. The budget for one MRU is 5.5 caror. Only two medical colleges form Gujarat are selected for this year. Second talk in this planery was from Dr. Nilima Kshirsagar about sharing experience of running research cell in medical college in Mumbai. She told that the medical college authority should have long vision without that research can not develop. She shared her experience to establish malaria research center in college and long battle to get good laboratory support form authority. At last when authority got malaria they got the research center. In research initially we need to invest without immediate gain but surly research will give credit to institute in long run. She also gave example of drug interaction. They had one patient who was on eptoin for epileptic condition. It had good control on seizure with eptoin. But suddenly patient came back with frequent seizures. Initially it thought that patient did not have compliance. But patient was telling he is taking regular drug. They asked detail history and found that patient started Shankhpushpi recently as brain tonic. Later with their very good laboratory support they could identify that shanshpushpi is lowering the blood level of eptoin. So she was insisting that medical college should have good laboratory support to measure all blood chemicals. Post lunch the second plenary session was on scope and collaboration in research with medical colleges. Dr Sanjay Zodpey had focus on scope and role of clinical epidemiology in advancing research agenda in medical college- experience sharing. He mainly focus in experience of INCLEN, International Clinical Epidemiology Network and IndiaCLEN Indian Clinical Epidemiology Network. These network is working for the epidemiological studies in India and providing very good back up services. Similarly medical colleges can establish such data base and support to the research evidences. Medical colleges can take research leadership for future direction. Dr. Dilip Mavalankar, Dean, IIPH Gndhinagar had focus on the grant and scope of collaboration with various international universities. There are lots of agencies including ICMR and different agencies in government and private are giving various grants for research. Medical college can directly opt these grants. He also told that if not possible to get direct funding, medical college can act as consultant to the other agencies and earn the income. Even there are many private sector and NGO are in search of consultant for the research activities. In this condition medical college can act as consultant and earn money. The management authority can work on earning model so the faculty and institute both can earn the consultancy. The last plenary session was on pitfalls in research publication and need assessment & feasibility study for establishing research cell in medical college. The first speaker was Dr. Yogesh Marfatia, Professor & Head Skin, Baroda Medical College and Editor of Indian Journal of STD & AIDS. He showed the various weaknesses in research publications. Also he stressed on the writing skill need to develop. Medical College faculties can play major role in skill development of the new researcher for writing paper for journal. This is big scope and return to the scientific community. Dr. Deepak Saxena, Associate professor, IIPH Gandhinagar shared his experience of ICME study on need assessment & feasibility study for establishing research cell in medical college. Research leadership in medical college – This is the best time to start Research Cell in each medical college like Medical Education Unit. This leadership need to develop and monitor at state level, regional level and national level. The functions and activities of the research cell are 1. Regular training and capacity building of all the faculties for research and ethical issue 2. Research Development Committee under research cell who can brainstorm every year various topics for research and percolate to each department so there is no difficulty in searching topics for the thesis in department. 3. Fully functional laboratory to measure all chemical levels in blood including drug assay study in central laboratory. With department of pharmacy we can plan animal trial for drugs. 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU) under Research cell where all different disciplines come closer and work together for research. Collaborative research and multicentric research 5. ICMR is giving extra-mural grant support for any research work. Research Development Committee can plan the capacity building workshops for faculties and apply for grant support. Research proposal writing workshops can plan and do regular follow up for applying grant for research. 6. Active Researcher will be identified and special incentive form the research cell for doing research. 7. Like Pre-PhD, if feasible incorporate the one section on research methodology in paper -1 of all postgraduate exams. 8. Institute can think to do consultancy on research to external bodies live government and private. The report is prepared by Dr. Niraj Pandit and views and comments are his personal. Comments welcome

Importance of Periodical Health Check up in Industrial Employees - Healthy worker healthy industry

Importance of Periodical Health Check up in Industrial Employees Author – 1. Dr. Niraj Pandit, Professor, Community Medicine, SBKS MIRC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparaia 2. Dr. Hiren Patel, Resident Doctor, Community Medicine, SBKS MIRC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparaia The modernisation and innovation in industries and rapid increase in chemical, hazardous, and polluting industries in recent years has not only resulted in unsafe working conditions but has created problems of occupational health hazards. The incidence of occupational diseases is much higher in developing countries than developed ones. In developing countries the workers most exposed to occupational risks are those employed in agriculture, chemical and primary extraction industries and heavy manufacturing. Quite apart from this poor equipment, heavy workload and even poisoning due to pesticide's and organic dusts take their heavy toll on workers, health and safety. Further, work related hazards are changing with the introduction of new chemical substances which pose a threat to community and workers alike. Moreover, occupational risks such as temperature (excessive heat or cold), humidity of air, dampness inducing chill, low air movements and defective lighting in the work place affect the workers. Further other factors like noise, sustained vibration, excessive uncontrolled ionizing radiation, high voltage electric current and abnormal air pressure produce damaging effects on certain organs of the body. Apart from this certain substances cause poisoning or disease in industry. It is, therefore, essential to take effective measures to protect the workers from such risks and dangers. Many disease of occupational origin require months or even years for their development. Their slow development, very often leads to their non reorganisation in early stages and that is harmful to worker, that is the reason in addition to pre-employment medical check up, the periodical medical check up of worker is very necessary. Importance In India various Committees and Commissions were appointed from time to time by the Government of India to inquire into the problems of health of industrial workers. Health monitoring or health surveillance at work site is an integral component of health promotion (HP).As per the amendments in 1987 to the Factories Act, more and more vigilance is required to keep track of the health of the employees working in hazardous operations. Health monitoring is the forerunner of all HP activities. In today’s occupational health practice, factory medical officers have the daunting task of promoting the health of employees in industry. Health promotion concept incorporates programmes of health monitoring of employees exposed to potential hazards, general health screening, hypertension, diabetes control programmes, nutrition surveillance programme, stress management programme, fitness programme, etc. Irrespective of the type of HP programme, its potential benefits are plenty. Improvement in productivity is achieved by reducing absenteeism, improving morale of employees, improvement in the ability of performance and developing higher quality staff. HP concept establishes the fact that the organization has concern for the health and welfare of its employees. The supervision of the health of workers is specifically carried out by means of medical check-up periodically. Such periodic tests have become particularly important today because these tests help us to diagnose the earliest deviations in health and permit prevention of illness. Chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes can be detected at an early stage. Thus, occupational health service is able to supervise an important sector of the population but the supervision takes place on the spot, thus making it possible to protect and improve workers health without incurring loss of time or absenteeism which would be the case if they had to go to health centers for that purpose. When the examination should carried out? The frequency & content of periodical examination will depend upon the type of occupational exposure. Ordinarily workers are examined once a year. But in certain occupational exposures like lead, toxic dyes, radium monthly examination are indicated. Even daily examinations may be needed such as when irritant chemicals like dichromate. Particular care should be given to workers returning from medical leave, to assess the nature and degree of any disability and to assess suitability or otherwise of returning to the same job. Who should carry out the periodic health check up? Ideally the Factory Medical Officer should carry out the check up. But many time the industry is large and large number of employees are working, in such scenario they can out source the work to the agencies. They are many agencies and consultant who are working for the periodic health check up. They have full back up of laboratory, radiological, audiometry and other tests. In small industry the FMO is part-time in such scenario also the management can opt services of such agency.

'Actions for Sustainable Biomedical Waste Management"

'Actions for Sustainable Biomedical Waste Management" “Handle the Waste Only” the very important quote read in the presentation of Almitra H Patel, Mamber of Supreme Court committee on Solid Waste Management. He has very rightly focused on waste only. Sometime mixture of waste is creating major problem rather just waste. We all aware that the biomedical waste is hazardous if not properly handle and manage. Today we are going to see the various scopes and opportunities from the management of biomedical waste management, which helps the sustainable biomedical waste management practices. There are various sporadic actions are taken at country level and each person has tried level best practices for sustainable BMW management. The first missing link is the common platform which is fulfilled by this National Conference on Urban & Biomedical Waste Management 2013. The proceedings of conference should be followed up by the special group people. Here you have opportunity to make networking in each state and at national level. There are many other issues and challenges in the BMW management. They are awareness and practices about the various aspects to various groups like doctors, nursing, laboratory people, waste handlers, rag pickers and community at large; poor capacity building support; there are more than 6 lac hospitals bad and 23, 000 PHC, thousands of register nursing homes, countless unregister nursing homes & dispensaries and huge number of quacks practicing in every corner of urban and rural area of country- they need support for BMW management; poor management of generation of very small waste which turn to huge burden, poor regulatory measures, poor green procurement policy, rage pickers and waste reuse issue, lack of committed support from top management of hospitals, poor finance for good practices of waste management, poor research support, poor society support and many more. I am looking as each as scope of opportunity. Today my main focus is on this aspect of business opportunity for Young Turk and how to make sustainable waste management practices. Prof. Dr. Niraj Pandit Professor Community Medicine, SBKS Medical Institute & research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat Email- drniraj74@gmail.com Mobile – 09825371135

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Next Generation Condom - Apply your idea and earn grant

Condom is really big challenge for the major social scientist and the community. Since development of latex based current condom, there is no new development in the condom.

Male condoms are basically have good criteria and near to the idea contraception. it is cheap, easy to manufacture, easy to distribute, and available globally, including in resource poor settings, through numerous well developed distribution channels.  The current rate of global production is 15 billion units/year with an estimated 750 million users and a steadily growing market. Condoms have almost universal product recognition. There are few places on earth where condoms are not recognized or not available. When used properly, they reliably protect females from pregnancy and both partners from numerous STIs, including HIV transmission, making them a prime example of a multi-purpose prevention technology (MPT). Their use does not require a prescription, a skilled health provider or in fact any healthcare provider or healthcare delivery system.  There are no adverse events associated with their use, a statement that cannot be made for any other contraceptive or STI-preventive product. They are user controlled, user applied devices that are simple to use and easily transported. These characteristics make male condoms the perfect MPT product, especially for low resource settings.  

The one major drawback to more universal use of male condoms is the lack of perceived incentive for consistent use. The primary drawback from the male perspective is that condoms decrease pleasure as compared to no condom, creating a trade-off that many men find unacceptable, particularly given that the decisions about use must be made just prior to intercourse.  Is it possible to develop a product without this stigma, or better, one that is felt to enhance pleasure?  If so, would such a product lead to substantial benefits for global health, both in terms of reducing the incidence of unplanned pregnancies and in prevention of infection with HIV or other STIs?

Likewise, female condoms can be an effective method for prevention of unplanned pregnancy or HIV infection, but suffer from some of the same liabilities as male condoms, require proper insertion training and are substantially more expensive than their male counterparts.  While negotiating use of female condoms may be easier than male condoms, this need for negotiation precisely illustrates the barrier preventing greater use that we seek to address through this call.

The Challenge: 

Condoms have been in use for about 400 years yet they have undergone very little technological improvement in the past 50 years. The primary improvement has been the use of latex as the primary material and quality control measures which allow for quality testing of each individual condom. Material science and our understanding of neurobiology has undergone revolutionary transformation in the last decade yet that knowledge has not been applied to improve the product attributes of one of the most ubiquitous and potentially underutilized products on earth. New concept designs with new materials can be prototyped and tested quickly.  Large-scale human clinical trials are not required. Manufacturing capacity, marketing, and distribution channels are already in place.
The Grand challenge in Global Health is looking for a Next Generation Condom that significantly preserves or enhances pleasure, in order to improve uptake and regular use. Additional concepts that might increase uptake include attributes that increase ease-of-use for male and female condoms, for example better packaging or designs that are easier to properly apply. In addition, attributes that address and overcome cultural barriers are also desired.
Proposals must (i) have a testable hypothesis, (ii) include an associated plan for how the idea would be tested or validated, and (iii) yield interpretable and unambiguous data in Phase I, in order to be considered for Phase II funding.
Ideal application for funding :

• Application of safe new materials that may preserve or enhance sensation;
• Development and testing of new condom shapes/designs that may provide an improved user experience;
• Application of knowledge from other fields (e.g. neurobiology, vascular biology) to new strategies for improving condom desirability.

We will not consider funding for:

• Exclusively non-technological, social, or educational interventions;
• Testing of existing commercially available products;
• Proposals without a clearly articulated hypothesis or plan for testing the proposed product’s value in overcoming adherence issues;
• Concepts that are inherently too expensive for a developing world setting;
• Concepts that would sacrifice the value of condoms for prevention of either unplanned pregnancy or HIV infection  

This is big idea base opportunity. Submit your idea online on http://www.grandchallenges.org/Explorations/Pages/ApplicationInstructions.aspx

Grant-In support from National Book Trust of India for promotaion of Books

financial assistance will be provided to the organizations for any one or more of the following purposes:
(a) To orgainse seminars of Indian Authors/Publishers/Booksellers on subjects which have direct bearing on book promotion in India.
(b) To organize training courses on a subject directly related to book promotion.
(c) To organize Annual Conventions/Conferences of Writers/Publishers/ Printers/Booksellers.
(d) To conduct research/survey connected with book industry.
(e) Any other activity which may be found conducive to the development of book
industry, etc.

Voluntary organizations of writers, publishers and booksellers and others engaged in the book promotional activities which are registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860 (Act of 21 of 1860).

This is very good opportunity for NGOs who are publishing the books and key areas. All the eligible NGO should submit proposal. We are ready to help the NGO who want help.
The Procedure is as follow -
All applications with full details should be submitted to:
 The Director
 National Book Trust, India
 Nehru Bhawan 5, institutional Area
 Vasant Kunj, Phase-II
 New Delhi-110070

Each application should inter-alia contain the following information:
 (i) A brief description of the objective and activities of the organisation.
(ii) Whether the organization is registered one or affiliated to any other
organization. In case the organization is affiliated, the application need to be routed through the affiliating body.
(iii) The constitution of the Board of Management
(iv) The latest annual report.
(v) A copy of the audited accounts of the organization for the previous financial year together with a copy of the last Balance Sheet.
(vi) A statement of grants received so far from the State Government/Central Government or other bodies indicating in each case:
(a) The purpose for which the grant was obtained.
(b) How it was utilized.
(c) Progress made for which assistance was given and
(d) Whether all conditions to previous assistance were duly observed.
(vii) An undertaking that once the estimates of expenditure are approved as reasonable and the grant assessed on the basis of these estimates, they shall not be modified by the organisation without prior approval of the Trust.
(viii) Full justification with details will be necessary for the estimates of expenditure.

Australia Awards Scholarships 2013

AusAID's Australia Awards are an important component of Australia’s investment in education—the flagship of the Australian aid program. They provide long and short term study and professional development opportunities to citizens from developing countries around the globe.

They provide opportunities for all—one of five strategic goals that guide the aid program. They are targeted to provide enhanced leadership, knowledge and technical skills to partner governments, tertiary institutions and strategic organisations that are driving sustainable development. 

They provide opportunities for people from developing countries to undertake full time undergraduate or postgraduate study at participating Australian universities and Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutions.

The study and research opportunities provided by Australia Awards Scholarships develop skills and knowledge of individuals to drive change and contribute to the development outcomes of their own country.

Awards benefits

The Awards are offered for the minimum period necessary for the individual to complete the academic program specified by the Australian higher education institution, including any preparatory training. The following benefits generally apply:

• Full tuition fees.
• Return air travel—payment of a single return, economy class airfare to and from Australia, via the most direct route.
• Establishment allowance—a once only payment of A$5,000 as a contribution towards as accommodation expenses, text books, study materials.
• Contribution to Living Expenses (CLE) is a fortnightly contribution to basic living expenses paid at a rate determined by AusAID. From 1 January 2013, CLE payable to Scholars studying under an ADS is A$30,000 per year.
• Introductory Academic Program (IAP)—a compulsory 4-6 week program prior to the commencement of formal academic studies covering information on life and study in Australia.
• Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC) for the duration of the award (for award holder only)—provided to cover the student's basic medical costs (with the exception of pre existing conditions).
• Pre-course English (PCE) fees—if deemed necessary PCE may be available for students for in-country and/or in-Australia training.
• Supplementary Academic Support may be available to ensure a Scholar's academic success or enhance their academic experience.
• Fieldwork (for research students only)—may be available for eligible research students for one return economy class airfare via the most direct route to their country of citizenship or within Australia.

Award conditions

Applicants who want to accept an Australia Awards scholarship will need to sign a contract with the Commonwealth of Australia declaring that they will comply with the conditions of the scholarship.

Awardees are required to leave Australia for a minimum of two years after completing their scholarship. Failure to do so will result in the awardee incurring a debt for the total accrued cost of their scholarship.

The Australia Awards Scholarships open on 1 February 2013, and close on 30 April 2013. 

 For more visit 

http://www.ausaid.gov.au/australia-awards/Pages/how-to-apply.aspx